The paper discusses current issues of economic policy in the context of the initial conditions of sustainable development and circular economy. The aim of the article is to map the view of sustainable development and to evaluate its selected areas of the economic and environmental sustainability in the Czech Republic and European dimension. The analysis and comparison of the selected areas (determinants) of sustainable development in the Czech Republic and EU (27) as an average is processed in years 2010-2022. The Czech Republic recorded the highest increase in 2022 compared to 2010 in the area of circular material use rate, generation of packaging waste per capita, but also in the generation of plastic packaging waste per capita and in the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by sector. A similar trend in 2022 in most of the monitored areas of sustainable development is also evidenced by the EU (27) as an average. Results mostly confirm the improvement of the situation and the overall progress of the Czech Republic and EU (27) as an average in both environmental and economic sustainability.