The study analyses sustainable development in the context of economic and environmental dimension in EU countries according to economic level. The aim is to evaluate the impact of selected indicators of economic and environmental sustainability on the economic and socio-economic development of two groups of EU countries in the period 2010-2022. The selected set is represented by EU countries with a higher and a lower economic level than the EU average. Using log-log panel regression analysis, the study provides a closer evaluation of the impact of selected economic and environmental sustainability indicators not only in EU countries (27), but also to evaluate differences in the impact of sustainable development indicators between groups of EU countries (with higher and lower economic levels). The results of EU countries with higher and lower economic levels confirmed the impact of different economic and environmental sustainability indicators on the economic and socioeconomic development. The research on the examined areas of sustainable development contributes to a more comprehensive assessment of economic and environmental sustainability, reflecting not only long-term goals, but also some newer trends, with an emphasis on the socio-economic level of development of EU countries. The findings may be useful not only for economic policymakers and environmental analysis in the European dimension, but also for the development of national sustainable development concepts and strategies.